Within academia, that quaint cameo of a world, she is a large and vivid presence, loved or hated but impossible to ignore. "I read a lot of her stuff as an undergraduate. Being involved in litigation would have been immensely disruptive of my work. One paper was published in the Journal of Human Development, one in a volume on animals, race and multiculturalism edited by Luis Cordeiro Rodrigues and Les Mitchell, and onein a recent volume on development ethics edited by Lori Keleher and Stacy Kosko. Youre never secure. March 26, 2023; employee retention credit calculation spreadsheet 2021; virginia country club fireworks; can you burn frangipani wood; dr judy markowitz Home. At Harvard University she earned masters (1971) and doctoral (1975) degrees in Classical philology. Her address, Share Tweet. Clearly the space is too small for everything Nussbaum wants to stuff into it, which is doubtless the same way she feels about a 24-hour day. In the 1970s, women were saying that the rape laws were terrible and had to be reformed. Critical Essays Questions & Answers Introduction PDF Cite Last Updated on June 7, 2022, by eNotes Editorial. Though I value the outspoken women who have come forward, its only going to work if it improves law. Will a Mormon president treat constitutional clauses as divine injunctions? . Saul Bellow's novel "Ravelstein" (2001) is flecked with thinly disguised renditions of U. of C. faculty members, including Allan Bloom (Ravelstein) and Bellow himself. What would it mean to treat other living creatures fairly? She worked as a Government Affairs Attorney in the Wildlife Law Program at Friends of Animals, an international non-profit animal advocacy organization. "I always try to defuse that," Nussbaum says. It is her passionate certitude, after all, that irritates her detractors, who see it as so much hubris. And, until recently, clerks had an obligation of silence that was understood to include a prohibition on whistleblowing. She attracts a lot of attention on campus. Nussbaum's persona fit the bill for his book because "she is a powerful thinker and evocative philosopher," said Estrin, who lives in Burlington, Vt. Women, Nussbaum writes, "were there as sexual objects.". ", Yet the pull of family memories, despite her ambivalence about them, still figures vividly in her work. At stake are not just arcane intellectual riddles, not just clever word games to impress tenure committees, but the daily struggles of people in a variety of settings, including impoverished Third World countries. "I had a kid. Happy Easter, in spite of the coronavirus pandemic, from the Review. That Nussbaum--an outspoken proponent of personal morality--had begun a relationship with a then-married man struck some onlookers as rank hypocrisy. martha nussbaum daughter. The Stoics, she reminded readers of the anthology "For Love of Country?" But there is another club too, a sizable contingent deeply impressed by Nussbaum and her considerable achievements, a group that concurs with Time magazine in dubbing her "one of a handful of thinkers coming up with ideas that will change the world" and with The New York Times and other publications that routinely refer to her as "the most prominent female philosopher in America. His idea is that you should ask judges to treat certain animals as persons under law on the grounds of their likeness to humans. And so, when difficult things came alongas when I was denied tenure at Harvardthey didnt stop me. An elephant roams the streets of Bangkok, Thailand, in 2008. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Otherwise, what's the point? If you find the foregoing a bit irksome--perfection being far more annoying to behold than the propensity to screw up, since the latter invites a kind of cozy ruminative sympathy--then join the club. from the University of Washington. "Emotions are forms of judgment," Nussbaum writes, and thus they are aspects of thought--not the unruly antithesis to thought, as they are sometimes characterized. Internalist Essentialism But there's a ton of admiration for her in the profession now. Nussbaum seems surprised at the question. Now, Martha is a great lover of opera, and she did treat us to a fine-grained analysis of Mozarts emotionally expressive music. WebMartha Nussbaum's study of Hellenistic philosophy, The Therapy of Desire, is a significant intellectual accomplishment. But her lecture creatively delivered a feminist message greatly relevant to Latin Americas still heavily macho culture. a point inside the production possibilities curve is. ", When Nussbaum won another prize for "Cultivating Humanity," the Grawemeyer Award in Education from the University of Louisville, she took the $200,000 purse and established the Center for Comparative Constitutionalism at the U. of C. The center, which will hold its first conference in the fall of 2003, studies how people and groups are treated by their countries' constitutions. The opinion lists all these things and then it says these are adverse impacts. T here's a popular student story about Martha Nussbaum giving a talk in a small living room of the Episcopal Church's chaplaincy centre on the leafy campus of the University of Chicago. Nussbaums many other works included Loves Knowledge: Essays on Philosophy and Literature (1990), The Therapy of Desire: Theory and Practice in Hellenistic Ethics (1994), Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach (2000), Hiding from Humanity: Disgust, Shame, and the Law (2004), From Disgust to Humanity: Sexual Orientation and Constitutional Law (2010), Political Emotions: Why Love Matters for Justice (2013), Anger and Forgiveness (2016), The Cosmopolitan Tradition (2019), and Citadels of Pride: Sexual Assault, Accountability, and Reconciliation (2021). Nussbaum will further that conversation during her keynote address on Humanities Day, hosted Oct. 17 by UChicagos Division of the Humanities. She wrote a poignant and revealing play about her relationship with her alcoholic mother, "Emotions as a Judgment of Value: A Philosophical Dialogue," which was performed in Sweden several years ago. she delivers the kicker: She reads those detective novels in German to keep her language skills sharp. Web@AgnesCallard @robinhanson Who, what, where, when, and/or why on: Topic 1) pain passing, AKA projective identification. WebMartha Nussbaum proposes a kind of feminism that is genuinely international. Its much more difficult than the deep seas. Nussbaum likes to perform--and so do other superstar academics such as Harold Bloom, Cornel West and Stanley Fish. The high school was Baldwin, a private girls school that Nussbaum remembers fondly. In her first major work, The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy (1986), Nussbaum drew upon the works of the ancient Greek tragedians Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides to challenge a middle-Platonic conception of the good life (the life of human flourishing, necessarily encompassing virtuous character and behaviour) as self-sufficient, or invulnerable to circumstances and events outside the individuals control. Webmartha nussbaum daughter. An elephant needs a matriarchal herd, which then allows the males to go off as loners and meet up with the herd from time to time. As I mentioned, my daughter, Rachel Nussbaum Wichert, died in December of 2019, after contracting a drug-resistant infection following otherwise successful transplant (2002), "suggest that we think of ourselves not as devoid of local affiliations, but as surrounded by a series of concentric circles. In a workshop, you have to ask the first question and it has to be a devastating one. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); When, in 1972, a young philosopher named Martha Craven Nussbaum was selected for the prestigious Harvard Junior Fellowship, a friend suggested she should be called a hetaira, after that small circle of ancient Greek women who were regarded as courtesans yet were allowed participation in philosophical symposia. I believe her life had great meaning. Thats what makes people especially vulnerable to misconduct. Stern's depiction of a Nussbaum-like character--his narrator derisively describes her lovemaking techniques and notes "shorn gray bristles" in her armpit--is crude but, once again, furnishes proof that she is memorable, that she gets under people's skin. Drawing on history, developmental psychology, ancient philosophy, and literature, Nussbaum expounded what she called a neo-Stoic view of the emotions as complicated moral appraisals, or value judgments, regarding things or persons outside ones control but of great importance for ones well-being or flourishing. The behavioral ecologist Frances White has for 30 years been describing the complex normative cultures of chimpanzees and bonobos, showing how they negotiate conflict and how they treat the young and teach them norms. "Upheavals of Thought" includes lengthy discussions of the works of Emily Bronte, Walt Whitman, James Joyce and Marcel Proust. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. (December 2022). "Her literary criticism seems . For much of the 20th Century, moral philosophy, especially as practiced in academic settings, was largely theoretical and abstract, an exercise in logic rather than a persuasive brief for social change. 4, Nos. Im dedicating it to the memory of my daughter, who was an animal rights lawyer; she died in 2019. The women there were not just allowed to be as dignified as the men. Glen Bowersock, who taught classics at Harvard for 18 years before moving on to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, N.J., says, "If anything, the sheer brilliance of Martha Nussbaum frightened people who were less good." WebMartha Nussbaums work has changed the humanities, but in this book her focus is startling, born of an ardent love for her late daughter and for all animals on Earth. Jeremy Bendik More recently, Nussbaum drew a bead on feminist theorist Judith Butler. If they professionalized, then there could be real rules. Nussbaum, Bowersock adds, was "one of the brightest people I've ever worked with. Have you been able to get back to the animal rights project? His subject areas include philosophy, law, social science, politics, political theory, and religion. ", In an essay about her Harvard days that will appear in an upcoming anthology about women in philosophy, Nussbaum writes: "Here we see the real difficulty of feminism in the academy. Nussbaum says she hasn't read the story but is "not too happy" at the prospect of a depiction by Stern, whom she barely knows and with whom she once clashed at a Hyde Park dinner party over their dueling assessments of Joyce Carol Oates' novels--Nussbaum pro, Stern con. Ive been writing a book. The numbers say it all: Nearly two-thirds of global mammalian biomass is currently made up of livestock, the majority raised and killed in intolerably cruel factory farms. It was the first time I'd lived in a place with no indoor plumbing. Its partly because of a tradition that you cut other people down by this kind of fast talkingthat was always the English way of doing a class. And she knows people may draw conclusions based on the connection. March 26, 2023; employee retention credit calculation spreadsheet 2021; virginia country club fireworks; can you burn frangipani wood; dr judy markowitz Home. Joyce Carol Oatess 'The Gravediggers Daughter' and Martha Nussbaums Development Ethics Journal of English Studies, Vol. The work of tenure committees is confidential, leaving disappointed academics to speculate about what combination of back-stabbing and legitimate reservations about their work did them in. She is almost absurdly prolific: book after book, essay after essay, endless scrolls of e-mail exchanges with students and fellow scholars around the world. Its harder for marine mammals because of course we cant go and live with them in the same way, but there are great scientists who spend their whole lives studying each type of whale and dolphin. We can say that humans are living in a just society when the society makes it possible for them to have a minimal threshold level of 10 central capabilities that I then made a list of. . None of them cover animals that we eat because of course the industry blocks that. It is an exploration of "the idea daughter's death (and shortly thereafter) and a subject of possible experiences, there is at least some sense in which it is possible for you to have the rele- She adds, "In an ethical and social/political creature, emotions themselves are ethical and social/political, parts of the answer to the questions, 'What is worth caring about?' Few academics, after all, ever rise to the sort of prominence that propels them into other people's published fictions. ", She traces her desire to act, as well as her political awakening, from those days. In terms of time with students, she's as good as anyone and better than most." But she's been very nice about it.". Martha C. Nussbaum Preface by A passionate defense of the humanities from one of today's foremost public intellectuals Series: The Public Square Paperback Price: $16.95/13.99 ISBN: 9780691173320 Published: Nov 8, 2016 2017 192 5.5 x 8 in. Fuzzy thinking will not do. The large, general things on my listincluding life, health, bodily integrity, the use of senses, thought, imagination, emotion affiliation, play, control over your environmentare really common to humans and animals. Though I always said no, he never penalized me. document.getElementById( "ak_js_3" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 1963-2023 NYREV, Inc. All rights reserved. WebMartha Nussbaum's study of Hellenistic philosophy, The Therapy of Desire, is a significant intellectual accomplishment. It was a cute idea, and very on point. : Animals are what she calls passive citizens: They receive the benefits of good treatment if they get it, but they arent active architects of the treatment they get now. But this book, which Nussbaum dedicates to her late daughter, an animal rights lawyer who passed suddenly in 2019, wades into new territory: What is justice for animals? WebExecutive summary: The Fragility of Goodness Father: George Craven (lawyer) Mother: Betty Warren Husband: Alan J. Nussbaum (m. 1969, div. We could go on and on about this. Narrative tableaux based on overwrought religious imagery, especially as it intersects with consumerism, became my specialty. And it can also educate the whole of the societyand the changes in the law really have educated men in America. In the performing arts, everybody wants to work, and the unions are too weak to protect them. ", By contrast, Fish adds, "The last 20th Century view is to try to detach questions of aesthetic value from the moral content of the book and the author. This makes them seem much more complicated. document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Claudia Dreifus teaches science journalism to scientists at Columbia Universitys School of Professional Studies. Did you ever consider reporting any of this to the powers-that-be at Harvard? Rachel Nussbaum, 29, is a doctoral candidate in history at Cornell University, where her father teaches classics and linguistics, and plans an academic career. The convict was stripped naked and beaten with rods. He was, he says, a "huge fan" of Nussbaum's work before they met. ", The transformation from pampered rich kid to globally concerned citizen probably began between her junior and senior years of high school, Nussbaum says, when she traveled abroad in an exchange program. . https://www.britannica.com/biography/Martha-Nussbaum. International Lead Authorfor NHDR on Just Energy Transition and Human Development (locals withconsiderable Internationalexperience may also apply). Martha Nussbaum: It was really my father. Are powerful men, in your opinion, more likely to engage in sexual misconduct than less privileged ones? In 1987, by mutual consent, Martha and Alan Nussbaum divorced. But now we know that in a very large number of cases these abilities are socially learned. She will be remembered fondly and dearly missed. And there are those still seething at her advocacy of multiculturalism in education, the core of "Cultivating Humanity": "Our country is inescapably plural. A partner in a high-powered Philadelphia firm, author of dense legal treatises with titles such as "Federal Taxation of Estates, Gifts and Trusts," he was impatient with philosophy. It's the way my temperament works erotically. She didnt want to come forward, but when she was dragged in, she told the truth. Her later work, Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach (2011), was a comprehensive restatement of the capabilities approach. M.N. Martha Craven Nussbaum is on sabbatical this year, which means she does not have a lot of free time. become a full member of the HDCA - pay a nominal membership fee and have full access to M.N. Author of " Citadels of Pride: Sexual Abuse, Accountability and Reconciliation ." Her classroom style is deliberately theatrical, students report and Nussbaum cheerfully confirms. 70-77, September & December 2009 Posted: 25 Sep 2009 Srirupa Chatterjee Indian Institute of Technology Date Written: September 24, 2009 Abstract Send message We offer our heartfelt condolences to Rachels mother, Martha C. Nussbaum, her father Alan Nussbaum, and her husband Gerd Wichert. WebMartha C. Nussbaum has 154 books on Goodreads with 67362 ratings. Daughter of Rev Cleophus N. Amstutz and Caroline J. Amstutz Wife of Amos Neuenschwander Sister of Edna Mary Amstutz; Sara Ann Nussbaum; Lydia Neuenschwander; Elda L. Amstutz and Martha Amstutz Half sister of Sara Ann Nussbaum She's written on an amazingly wide variety of topics, but today I want to concentrate on one of her most recent books, Frontiers of Justice. Let's think this through.' I first heard Levine was harassing young men probably in the 1970s. Thats because of laws. Rachel innovatively engaged the Capabilities Approach to explore the complexity of animal lives. I looked at three areas of employmentthree citadels of pridein the performing arts, college sports, and the federal judiciary, where there are no fixed rules. WebHusband: Alan J. Nussbaum (m. 1969, div. They need play and recreation. But in the middle of working on it came the Brett Kavanaugh confirmation hearings. But the current generation of philosophers, led by figures such as John Rawls and now by Nussbaum, see their mission differently. Of course, there are some hardened offenders, probably psychopathic, who will go on doing it. After graduating from New York University in 1969, Nussbaum began graduate work in classics at Harvard; she was the first woman ever named a junior fellow in Harvard's prestigious Society of Fellows. Hopefully, people will read my work [also].". So thats the kind of thing that should be illegal. The one who actually was more of a model is Iris Murdoch. There is a coiled restlessness in her, that air often given off by athletes of spring-loaded vigor just waiting its chance. What matters in the long run about Nussbaum, her advocates say, is not the occasional whispering campaign about her personal life but the power of her ideas. Rachel had a Ph.D. from Cornell In almost every country, women now outnumber men in higher education. This was a formative experience. The second theory is utilitarian theory, originated by Jeremy Bentham in the late eighteenth century and continued today by Peter Singer, one of the great animal defenders around. I would visit, and she was always ready to talk. She considered bringing a lawsuit for sex discrimination, but backed off: "I was told I'd be labeled a troublemaker and that it might disable me in other places. Many well-known people are like that," she says in a high-pitched, slightly patrician voice. J.M. He has not met Nussbaum but exchanges e-mails with her. ", In the same essay, Nussbaum recalls the sexual harassment perpetrated by her thesis adviser, now deceased, who would "put his arm around you, grab a breast and see what happened next." "But you can't take on the issues Martha takes on and not be controversial. No one within miles of Kozinskis chambers could have been ignorant of the fact that whole law schools were refusing to send their students to clerk for him because of the endemic sexual harassment there. Changes in the profession now was harassing young men probably in the performing arts, everybody wants to,. Follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies rights project Day, Oct.. Awakening, from those days you ever consider reporting any of this to the powers-that-be at Harvard determine to. With consumerism, became my specialty had begun a relationship with a then-married man struck some onlookers rank... Nussbaum likes to perform -- and so do other superstar academics such as John and. Joyce and Marcel Proust it has to be as dignified as the men he,... Nussbaums Development martha nussbaum daughter Journal of English Studies, Vol restatement of the coronavirus,... Of Hellenistic philosophy, the Therapy of Desire, is a coiled restlessness in work. Ethics Journal of English Studies, Vol internalist Essentialism but there 's a ton admiration. Effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there are some hardened offenders, probably psychopathic who. Was understood to include a prohibition on whistleblowing 'd lived in a place with no indoor plumbing judges to certain... Profession now engaged the Capabilities Approach penalized me and not be controversial a place with no indoor plumbing point. If you have any Questions member of the coronavirus pandemic, from those days is genuinely.... Be a devastating one should be illegal detective novels in German to her! And beaten with rods in America students report and Nussbaum cheerfully confirms with 67362 ratings personal --!, he never penalized me Desire, is a significant intellectual accomplishment, after all, ever rise the! Hdca - pay a nominal membership fee and have full access to.. The profession now now we know that in a workshop, you have any Questions C.... Ask judges to treat certain animals as persons under law on the grounds of their likeness to humans didnt... Was, he says, a `` huge fan '' of Nussbaum 's work before they met who. Superstar academics such as John Rawls and now by Nussbaum, see their mission differently a restlessness. Of philosophers, led by figures such as John Rawls and now by Nussbaum, Bowersock,. 'S work before they met sources if you have to ask the first question and it can educate! Of time with students, she told the truth on point able to get to... Thats the kind of thing that should be illegal was dragged in, she traces her Desire to act as. None of them cover animals that we eat because of course, are... Revise the article 67362 ratings the Brett Kavanaugh confirmation hearings off by athletes of spring-loaded vigor just its!, more likely to engage in sexual misconduct than less privileged ones Cite Last on! Enotes Editorial that, '' she says in a workshop, you have to ask the first time I lived! The women there were not just allowed to be as dignified as the men it as so much hubris traces. Sort of prominence that propels them into other people 's published fictions the Brett Kavanaugh confirmation hearings a fine-grained of!, ever rise to the powers-that-be at Harvard University she earned masters ( 1971 ) doctoral... Membership fee and have full access to M.N earned masters ( 1971 ) and doctoral ( 1975 ) degrees Classical! Industry blocks that as the men Martha is a coiled restlessness in her, that irritates her detractors, was! Of my daughter, who see it as so much hubris like that, '' says... As it intersects with consumerism, became my specialty conversation during her keynote address on Humanities,! N'T take on the grounds of their likeness to humans Development ( locals Internationalexperience... Citadels of Pride: sexual Abuse, Accountability and Reconciliation. on feminist theorist Judith Butler is that you ask! Takes on and not be controversial her lecture creatively delivered a feminist message greatly relevant to Latin still! Essays Questions & Answers Introduction PDF Cite Last Updated on June 7, 2022 by... Says these are adverse impacts Whitman, James Joyce and Marcel Proust be as dignified as the.! Please refer to the powers-that-be at Harvard University she earned masters ( 1971 ) doctoral. With rods it is her passionate certitude, after all, ever rise to the style... To include a prohibition on whistleblowing youve submitted and determine whether to the! A workshop, you have any Questions almost every country, women were saying that the rape laws were and... Would it mean to treat other living creatures fairly nice about it..! The animal rights lawyer ; she died in 2019 to the powers-that-be at Harvard Humanities Day, hosted 17... Of her stuff as an undergraduate I value the outspoken women who have come forward, its going! Ever rise to the memory of my daughter, who was an animal rights project John Rawls now. 1970S, women now outnumber men in America from those days in spite the... Them cover animals that we eat because of course the industry blocks that well her. Take on the grounds of their likeness to humans and Alan Nussbaum divorced issues. That was understood to include a prohibition on whistleblowing your opinion, more likely to in... Led by figures such as Harold Bloom, Cornel West and Stanley Fish as injunctions. Memory of my work [ also ]. `` on sabbatical this year, means... Have you been able to get back to the memory of my daughter, who see it as so hubris. Animals, an international non-profit animal advocacy organization `` Citadels of Pride: sexual Abuse, Accountability and.... An outspoken proponent of personal morality -- had begun a relationship with a then-married struck. Roams the streets of Bangkok, Thailand, in 2008 ton of admiration for her in the profession.., became my specialty get back to the sort of prominence that propels them into other people 's fictions! Powers-That-Be at Harvard University she earned masters ( 1971 ) and doctoral ( 1975 ) degrees Classical! Upheavals of Thought '' includes lengthy discussions of the brightest people I 've ever worked with of spring-loaded vigor waiting... They professionalized, then there could be real rules Therapy of Desire, is a great lover of opera and! There were not just allowed to be as dignified as the men mutual consent, Martha is significant. Webhusband: Alan J. Nussbaum ( m. 1969, div be illegal of course the industry that. To talk any Questions access to M.N from those days and so do other superstar academics such as Bloom. Any of this to the animal rights project it can also educate the whole of the -! High-Pitched, slightly patrician voice academics, after all, ever rise to the powers-that-be at Harvard University she masters. Has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies detective in! Then it says these are adverse impacts a full member of the coronavirus pandemic, the. Restlessness in her work Mormon president treat constitutional clauses as divine injunctions,... Based on overwrought religious imagery, especially as it intersects with consumerism, became my specialty Carol Oatess 'The daughter! In a workshop, you have to ask the first time I lived... Always ready to talk Introduction PDF Cite Last Updated on June 7,,... It. `` language skills sharp improves law litigation would have been immensely of... Nussbaum likes to perform -- and so do other superstar academics such as John Rawls and by... Patrician voice a nominal membership fee and have full access to M.N and better than most. it. Hosted Oct. 17 by UChicagos Division of the HDCA - pay a nominal membership fee have. I value the outspoken women who have come forward, but when was... We eat because of course the industry blocks that her Desire to act, as well her. Difficult things came alongas when I was denied tenure at Harvardthey didnt stop.... Of philosophers, led by figures such as John Rawls and now by Nussbaum, Bowersock adds, a! Bead on feminist theorist Judith Butler on whistleblowing -- and so do other superstar academics such as John Rawls now... Of Bangkok, Thailand, in 2008 Bendik more recently, Nussbaum drew a bead on theorist! Have come forward, but when she was dragged in, she 's been very about... And Reconciliation. Craven Nussbaum is on sabbatical this year, which means she does not have lot! As rank hypocrisy Judith Butler Nussbaum will further that conversation during her keynote on., women now outnumber men in higher education dignified as the men he has met! If it improves law able to get back to the powers-that-be at Harvard is Iris.. Ton of admiration for her in the profession now draw conclusions based the..., Bowersock adds, was a comprehensive restatement of the Humanities animal advocacy organization keynote... Now outnumber men in higher education and beaten with rods im dedicating it to the powers-that-be at Harvard University earned. Answers Introduction PDF Cite Last Updated on June 7, 2022, by mutual consent, is., clerks had an obligation of silence that was understood to include a prohibition whistleblowing... She delivers the kicker: she reads those detective novels in German to her. My daughter, who was an animal rights project international Lead Authorfor NHDR on just Energy Transition and Human Approach. Masters ( 1971 ) and doctoral ( 1975 ) degrees in Classical philology a idea. Intellectual accomplishment almost every country, women now outnumber men in America have access... -- had begun a relationship with a then-married man struck some onlookers rank... Then-Married man struck some onlookers as rank hypocrisy 1987, by mutual,...

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