On the contrary it has also been suggested that is created more diversity and conflict for the nation to grapple with. government and the governed by enhancing political cohesion in such country with regional, ethic, racial, linguistic and cultural diversity like Nigeria. Have you ever wondered why Nigeria is practicing a federal system of government and not any other system? Thus, federalism seemed to be the only option left for Nigeria because it allows for popular participation in government. >> "There are reasons why some nation-states opt for federalism. Over the years, it is quite obvious that Nigeria is one of the few countries that adopted federal system of Government in Africa, a system that envisages autonomy for every sect of its authorities (federal, state and local government respectively). /F2 9 0 R We appreciate you. Also see: Reasons why lawyers wear wigs to court, Origin and nature of federalism in Nigeria. The constitution emphasized areas of authority between the central government and the regions. Death of a nation - Biafra and the Nigerian question.pdf, The politics and problem of fiscal federalism and revenue allocation formula in Nigeria: Who should get what, how, when and why, Resource Control: a Necessary Element for True Federalism in Nigeria, THE IMPACT OF STATE JOINT LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACCOUNT ON STATE LOCAL RELATIONS IN SOUTH WESTERN NIGERIA, MEMORANDUM ON TRUE FEDERALISM SUBMITTED BY THE 'RESTRUCTURE NIGERIA' COMMUNITY AS A RESPONSE TO THE APC COMMITTEE CALL ON TRUE FEDERALISM, THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES The Legal Framework for the Corporate Existence of Nigeria, Intricacies and paradoxes federalism and secessionism in Nigeria.pdf, Civic Education Curriculum Implementation, NIGERIAN FEDERALISM AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: PURSUIT, PROSPECTS AND IMPEDIMENTS TO UNITY AND NATION BUILDING, Constitutions Making, Amendments, Reviews and Nigerias Political Development: Do you know the reasons for federalism in Nigeria? Everybody would likely agree that the conscious awareness and awakening of the course of who is who invariably determines who gets what, perhaps when and how. Take for example, in the Nigerian case of Attorney General of Federation v Attorney General of Abia and others (2002) 3 NCLR 1ar p 54, the issue of resource control in a true federalism was the bone of contention in that matter. In the words of Richards, regionalism was introduced to strengthen unity in diversity. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. It is believed by many that this was one of the reasons why Nigeria adopted a federalist system. Federalism: Federal Features in the Colonial State." A chronology of critical events in Nigeria's political development from the adoption of a federal system in 1954 to the present is provided in Table 1. The military were able to create more states because military decrees do not pass the same rigorous method bills pass in a democratic government. five reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria explained. It has severally been emphasized by both the Northern and Western politicians that God did not create Nigeria but the British. Also, there was a demand for more local regions by all these ethnic interest groups which was what led to the creation of new states. Even the masses in the rural areas of the country are allowed to participate in politics by electing their representatives into office. For citation see: http://www.cejiss.org/issue-detail/biafra-s-resurgence-state-failure-insecurity-and-separatist-agitations-in-nigeria. Federalism will shape the long-term health and economic impacts of COVID-19, including plans for the future, for at least two reasons: First, federalism exacerbates inequities, as some states have a history of underinvesting in social programs, especially in certain communities. 1 Issue 2, BETWEEN THE PRISMS OF NECESSITY AND LEGALITY - THE IPOB PROSCRIPTION IN CONTESTATION_pp.43-57, RE-THINKING BIAFRA IDEOLOGY OF SELF-DETERMINATION IN NIGERIA, A (UN)JUST AND (UN)HOLY WAR? Federalism is a type of government in which the sovereign authority of political power is usually divided between two units. Federalism can be defined as a system of government in which political powers of the state are shared between the central government and other component units. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. 6 0 obj From that date, the concept of federalism incorporated the idea of patterned contact at two levels: at the governmental level between the participating units, and among the citizens of these different units (Dare, 1979:26). The post war efforts for disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of the Igbo secessionist into the post-civil war Nigeria through the (3Rs) policy of rehabilitation, reconstruction and reconciliation (the 3Rs) to promote national unity and nationalism have failed to yield desire result. %PDF-1.5 Federalism was favoured among other systems of government in a bid to averting . V(B8eDK@sx AK hG~ u;6DV,pwP# _ O4C sR 8_yC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ Abacha regime, added more states making Nigeria a federation of 36 states and Federal capital Territory at Abuja. sir Arthur Richards strengthened this proposal in 1945 and regionalism was introduced by his administration in 1946. Northern Cameroons should remain with Northern Nigeria but Southern Cameroon should be granted autonomy with a legislature of its own. The United States, Canada, India, France and Australia adopted federalism because of the desire for security by the various ethnic units. So, without wasting much time, what is a federal system of government? The Complete Material Will Be Sent To Your . It should be noted that the Federal Military Government had earlier by fiat taken proceeds from offshore prospecting and drilling activities directly under federal eminent domain. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. In this article, I will elucidate and discuss with references the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. The proximity of the tongues and tribes in Nigeria made it possible for the adoption of federalism in the country. It is not surprising that Nigeria in its 55 years of political sojourn has tried different forms of federalism. << Again, in 1967 twelve states were created to appease the interest of those clamoring for states and weaken the geo-political holds of Biafra. Other specific reasons for the increasing demand for decentralisation are: Central governments increasingly are finding that it is impossible for them to . Nigeria's founding fathers desired a federal political framework, believing that federal states have the structural capacity to accommodate diversity. A Policy Brief examining the actors, factors and dynamics of the agitations, questioning if the current agitation is another flash in the pan and if current responses are adequate to address the agitations for secession of Biafra from Nigeria. This paper consequently argues that the anxiety as well as angst attributable to this agitation has the tendencies of not only disrupting the relative-peace presently enjoyed by the various groups, but is also, if not controlled, capable of plunging the country into a state of economic comatose and perpetual fragility. Under this type, there exist a balkanization of formerly unitary state near disintegration and its diversities which progress to a state. Thus, federalism is mostly considered a tangible element for coexistence, but much more, I think, as political syrup, for adumbrating potent dislocations inherent in, and symptomatic of pluralist societies. >> He rejects the assertion that Critically, after that train, every other train went to Nigeria from Nigeria, indicating the enormity of the wall of enmity demarcating Nigeria from the sovereign State of Biafra. By the time Nigeria got her independence, the various party involved had been regionally based. . Naturally, federal system of government has some distinctive features namely: 1. Nigeria as a result was divided into three provinces. There must exist supremacy of the constitution, which implies that laws passed by the authority in the federal arrangement, if contrary to the constitution shall be declared to be ultra votes. 19 more states were created in 1976 in order to score more political advantage by the Murtala-Obasanjo regime against those that favor General Yakubu Gowon. (8 Best Paying Jobs), General consensus among our leaders when seeking independence from Britain. s" The effectiveness of linking communications has been a vital factor in geographical unit. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Reasons for the Adoption of Federalism in Nigeria. 7. Required fields are marked *. Justice Udo Udoma is of the view that regionalism was introduced by the colonialists in order to divide and rule, and weaken true national unity in Nigeria. The USA and Canada were formed with the above interest at heart. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Now, because the level of the development of the productive forces was still at a rudimentary stage, the pervasiveness of commodity relations was equally at a low level. Reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria include: 1. Minority Marginalization 3.6 6. 7 Topics . Before the amalgamation of the Northern Protectorate and the Southern Protectorate in 1914, there was nothing like Nigeria. Fiscal Federalism and Democratic Governance in Nigeria - I. O. Taiwo 2004 The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is publishing this proposed rule to revise HUD's regulations for branch office registration requirements. %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz In Nigeria, there are different and distinct ethnic groups brought together by colonization. This post will give you some insight into why federalism was adopted as the system of governance in Nigeria. Nigeria can be said to be operating the federal system of government, whereas in actual practice, the country is tending towards a unitary system. Nigeria therefore falls into the latter because of the wide diversities. This was a period when long efforts were made to identify the legal relationships between the Leagues and the City States (Mogi, 1931:21). After nearly three decades of cumulative military rule, the country returned to civilian governance in 1999 under a presidential system of government. Send the Following Details on WhatsApp ( 08143831497) After Payment. Mainly of telling who is who in a given society. The second theory focuses on the existence of external military or diplomatic threat for the origin of federalism. Therefore, striking an acceptable delicate balance between these two divides, has, time and again, become a well known problematic world over. i dont have my first school leaving certificate. ff>qsfN? However, the practice of fiscal federalism in Nigeria is a negation of true federalism. I love this article,very educating and interesting These crises flow from issues such as fiscal federalism, corruption, credible elections, tribal politics, ethno-religious conflicts, and disdain for the rule of law. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. Roxy Horner biography: who is Jack Whitehalls girlfriend? This prototype edition of the daily Federal Register on FederalRegister.gov will remain an unofficial informational resource until the Administrative Committee of the Federal Register (ACFR) issues a regulation granting it official legal status. >> Nigeria did not choose federal system of government because it is the best or most practiced system of government in the world. The first military head of state was dethroned for adopting unitary system of government yet successive military administration in practice follow unitary principle instead of federal system. There are three major tribes in Nigeria namely Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba. Each state has the same level of self-governance. It should be noted, however, that the Leagues significantly differ from modern federations in one respect: namely, while the various governments freely interacted, no prosperous direct contact between the populace of the various governments was permitted. REASONS FOR ADOPTION OF FEDERALISM According to IDEA (2015:3), federalism is adoption for the following reasons: Scale: This credited the operation of federalism to the adoption of democracy which allowed for citizens to participate directly in political life. Why indirect rule succeeded in Northern Nigeria, SEE REASONS HERE. One of the major reasons why countries choose federalism is because of size. Another cogent reason for federalism in Nigeria is the fear of marginalization. /Length 3884 %PDF-1.5 /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Your email address will not be published. This was one of the major reasons for the creation of the newer and smaller states after the independence. We hope to seeing you again on other posts of interest. And this is one of the factors responsible for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. Nigeria. What a nice and educating document!We are grateful for this post. It advocates good governance and a participatory approach to constitutional review as the foundations for strong constitutionalism in Nigeria. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 7714 www.ijhssi.org Volume 2 Issue 8 August. Also it is more useful to expansiate on them. The states too have no resources for development but depended on federal grants. This was many times more the population of most African countries then. /Type /XObject What are the reasons Nigeria adopted the Federalism system of government in Nigeria? Matters, enumerated in the exclusive list are selected for the federal authority, while matters that fall within the concurrent list are selected for the federal government, and the regions. Also see: Historical constitutional development in Nigeria explained. Samuel is bent on changing the legal profession by building Web and Mobile Apps that will make legal research a lot easier. Very often, the problem has appeared in twofold. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. It was under the 1954 constitution that federal system of government was fully adopted. 3l:rmO"XDhG%2| There is no doubt that geographical factored are one of the influential reasons for federalism in Nigeria. In this paper I explain the hows and whys of the minorities continued disadvantaged status in spite of the far-reaching steps that have been taken to ameliorate, if not eliminate, the problem. } !1AQa"q2#BR$3br Generally speaking, one of the reasons for federalism is common historical or ancestral background. INTRO: Federalism has been approached with variegated definitions such that one might argue that there are as much definitions of federalism as there are authors on the subject. This paper is a critical exploration of the current challenges bedeviling the Nigerian state, capable of heating up the polity and disintegrating the Nigerian project. 2. 2. Nigeria is confronted to the boomerang effects of the evolution of its federalism. Federalism in Nigeria. The Political Economy and Un-ending Search, Agitation for Restructuring and Resource Control in Nigeria's Federalism: Issues, Perspectives and the Way Forward, Federalism, Military Legacies and the Restructuring Debate in Contemporary Nigeria, Federalism, Decentralisation and the Liberalisation of Business Environment in Nigeria, Hands Behind their backs: Making a case for a region-centred restructuring framework, Nigerian Pseudo-Federalism and the Agitations for Restructuring, The evolution of fiscal centralism and strong centre federalism in Nigeria An historical analysis, The Nigerian fiscal formulas and the agitations for resource control in the Niger delta region of. INTERNAL COLONIALISM IN NIGERIA Some of the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria are the diversity of the nation and the desire for political, cultural and social identity of a people of over 250 ethnic groups, several languages, diversities and a lot of political traditions; the desire for some form of Unfortunately, to suit their interests and political agenda, the federal and state governments over time immemorial have maintained great level of . Also, the adoption of the Littleton constitution of 1954 laid further credence to . /F5 18 0 R It also shows the growth rate as an engine to the development of economies of developing countries like Nigeria in this 21p century. % /Height 235 Nigeria is a heterogeneous nation facing challenges within the balance of economic development along ethnic divisions in society. 3 Reasons for federal system of government in Nigeria 3.1 1. Military administration does not apply the principle of federation. Do you want to know the basis and the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? Biafrans who are geographically in the South and SouthEast of Ni-geria feel and believe that their economic and developmental prowess are not well represented in the Nigerian state, and this lack of representation leads to marginalization. By and large, it is the nature of the relationship of the federal and state governments that determines whether a state is federal or unitary. /Filter /FlateDecode The paper contends that unitary federalism in Nigeria is an imposition and extension of colonial and military entrenched inequalities in the Nigerian state. w !1AQaq"2B #3Rbr Therefore, the adoption of a federal political framework in Nigeria was a necessity as the system was the only viable option for a multi-ethnic country like Nigeria. This is also one of the reasons for federal system of government in Nigeria. In my view, federalism is a good system for Nigeria. In Nigeria, it could be argued that our federal system of government is the creation of British colonialism. Nigeria as a nation has succeeded in commanding influence among member states by the virtue of its size. The Journal of Pan African Studies, vol.8, no.2, . Not minding the general relevance of these coinages, an arduous task lies in properly assessing their specific impacts in a given political enclave. The possible reasons for the practice of federalism in Nigeria are several, and have, for instance, been presented as British imposition targeted at a post-colonial relationship, or as a. Trouble for INEC staff who violated Electoral Act during presidential polls as c 53 things to do with your boyfriend: fun ways to spend time together, Presidential election: Jack-Rich salutes Tinubu, Shettima over victory, Maritime workers hail Supreme Court over old naira notes, says cargo can now leave ports, Dating apps in Nigeria: best applications to help you find the one. Another reason why federalism is adopted by any country is that of its population. 7 Cooperative federalism was dominant from the 1930s through the 1970s. 4 Topics . However, that is not so in a federal government system. Book excerpt: Defensive Federalism presents an original contribution to the field of federalism and multinational democracies, exploring the concept of defensive federalism as a protection of self- government against the "tyranny of the majority". As a result, issues relating to marginalization, economic imbalance, social alienation, ethnic suspicion and superior-subordination contestation are recurring malaises in the system. The availability of resources in a particular region and the need for that area to control the resources has also been seen as a reason for a federal system in Nigeria. In many countries of the world, federalism has emerged as a means of accommodating the growing desire of people to preserve or revive the intimacy of small societies and the growing necessity for larger combinations to mobilize the utilization of common resources. As a result of this, it has brought about the cry of the minorities clamoring for their own state. It allows for popular participation in politics at every level of government. Stated reasons of the coup were prevailing gangsterism and disorder, corruption and nepotism in the civil government. stream Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. Between 1960 and 1996, the three regions have been divided into smaller entities which are now known as states and their boundaries were reorganised. In other not to control only some parts of the big country, Nigeria, the colonial masters thought it wise to divide the country into different component units that will be represented in the government. The logic for this call, nay, agitation for self-determination by this group is not faulty in itself except that the laws of the land; Nigeria 1999 Constitution (as amended) does not guarantee self-determination or secession by any group of the Nigerian political environment. 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The current problems facing the Nigeria government and the Biafra separatist agitators originate in the causes and the effects of the Nigerian Civil war (06 July 1967-15 January 1970). What is federalism? These maladies have led to a renewal of the call for secession by the South-Eastern ethnic group of Nigeria for a Republic of Biafra, on the basis that they are being short-changed in the political cum socio-economic largess accumulating from the Centre. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. To make mortgage industry standards more flexible and modernized, the proposed rule would remove the requirement that lenders and mortgagees register with HUD each branch office . Also, Read: Local Government In Nigeria : Definition, Functions, And Importance. The constitution must be rigid to avoid frequent and unnecessary changes. /F6 21 0 R The regional government had power over matters that are listed under the residual list. /Filter /DCTDecode In the same way, the political culture of the United States is civic, republican and participatory. Then Nigeria was organised into a federation that had three regions. Consequently, the economic condition was one of the reasons that led to the adoption of federal systems of government in both Nigeria and South Africa. Some of the reasons include preservation of identities. If you answer to the above questions is no, then you lucky to be here. Prior to independence, it is believed that the British adopted federalism because it favored their interest. Dear Chidera, federalism allows the creation of ethnic-based federating units (States). Fear of insecurity and the desire for a Union Meaning of federalism? The contradictions generated by this rigional arrangement threatened Nigeria unity. Granted is the fact that federalism was launched in Nigeria by expatriate leaders, its continued existence since independence is standing firm on the interest of the indegeneous leaders. With the total area of 923,768 km, Nigeria can not justifiably be administered by a lone leviathan from the top. Since 1954 successively Nigerian constitution had adopted the federal system of government without much emphasis on the unity or disunity it has accorded to Nigeria. For instance, such noun phrases like: nationality, nation, citizenship, identity, ethnicity, ethnic group, indigene, state of origin, etc, are inherently conflict laden, with abundant intellectual understandings. So for effective governance of a country of this big size, federalism has to be adopted. It submits that the problem with constitutionalism in Nigeria is poor leadership and poor implementation of the Constitution. Political institutions, Kinship ties, Origin of towns and their cultural antecedents are enriched with similar history. The Legacy of Biafra: An Investigation into trauma as National Identity Fragmentation, Under Reconstruction: Ethnicity, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Future of the Nigerian State, ETHNIC SCHISM IN NIGERIA: A SOCIO-LITERAY STUDY OF CHINUA ACHEBE'S THERE WAS COUNTRY. Federalism did not return to Nigeria until after his death. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ In federalism, there is accountability, there is transparency. Resource control: 3.7 7. But before moving to the crux of this article, we will be looking briefly at the meaning and history of federalism in Nigeria. FOR CLIENTS OUTSIDE NIGERIA. Edeh Samuel Chukwuemeka ACMC, is a Law Student and a Certified Mediator/Conciliator in Nigeria. As at the time of independence, the population of Nigeria was estimated at 45.21 million. Problems of Nigerian Federalism 1) Revenue Allocation: This has been a problem in Nigeria. However, where there is a conflict of authority between the federal government and regional government, the federal authority supersedes. There may be no point, of course, boring ones moment with such lengthy activity of working out their conceptual nuances.

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