[325] He singled out those victims who expressed forgiveness towards those who had harmed them and used these individuals as his leitmotif. [417] When hosts asked what his culinary tastes were, his wife responded: "think of a five-year old". The National Party had wanted a comprehensive amnesty package whereas the ANC wanted trials of former state figures. [91] He joined student delegations to meetings of the Anglican Students' Federation and the University Christian Movement,[92] and was broadly supportive of the Black Consciousness Movement that emerged from South Africa's 1960s student milieu, although did not share its view on avoiding collaboration with whites. [311] More serious was Tutu's criticism of Mandela's retention of South Africa's apartheid-era armaments industry and the significant pay packet that newly elected members of parliament adopted. Over the course of ten months, at least 660 were killed, most under the age of 24. [93] In August 1968, he gave a sermon comparing South Africa's situation with that in the Eastern Bloc, likening anti-apartheid protests to the recent Prague Spring. [316] Tutu proposed that the TRC adopt a threefold approach: the first being confession, with those responsible for human rights abuses fully disclosing their activities, the second being forgiveness in the form of a legal amnesty from prosecution, and the third being restitution, with the perpetrators making amends to their victims. In 1984 Tutu won the Nobel Prize for Peace, becoming then the second South African to do so. The Nobel Peace Prize 1984 was awarded to Desmond Mpilo Tutu "for his role as a unifying leader figure in the non-violent campaign to resolve the problem of apartheid in South Africa" To cite this section MLA style: The Nobel Peace Prize 1984. After the 1994 general election resulted in a coalition government headed by Mandela, the latter selected Tutu to chair the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses committed by both pro and anti-apartheid groups. [261] Tutu and Mandela met for the first time in 35 years at Cape Town City Hall, where Mandela spoke to the assembled crowds. "[447] He believed that it was the duty of Christians to oppose unjust laws,[139] and that there could be no separation between the religious and the political just asaccording to Anglican theologythere is no separation between the spiritual realm (the Holy Ghost) and the material one (Jesus Christ). [256] He organised a protest march through Cape Town for later that month, which the new President F. W. de Klerk agreed to permit; a multi-racial crowd containing an estimated 30,000 people took part. [477] Many of these whites were angered that he was calling for economic sanctions against South Africa and that he was warning that racial violence was impending. [367] He criticised the memorials held for Mandela, stating that they gave too much prominence to the ANC and marginalised Afrikaners. [308], Tutu popularised the term "Rainbow Nation" as a metaphor for post-apartheid South Africa after 1994 under ANC rule. [130] This decision upset some of his congregation, who felt that he had used their parish as a stepping stone to advance his career. [251], Tutu remained actively involved in acts of civil disobedience against the government; he was encouraged by the fact that many whites also took part in these protests. [355] Tutu served in this capacity until May 2013. [317], Mandela named Tutu as the chair of the TRC, with Boraine as his deputy. [180] Pro-government media like The Citizen and the South African Broadcasting Corporation criticised him,[181] often focusing on how his middle-class lifestyle contrasted with the poverty of the blacks he claimed to represent. [480] According to Du Boulay, the SABC and much of the white press went to "extraordinary attempts to discredit him", something that "made it hard to know the man himself". [147] There, he introduced a schedule of daily staff prayers, regular Bible study, monthly Eucharist, and silent retreats. [156] The following year he published a collection of his sermons and speeches, Crying in the Wilderness: The Struggle for Justice in South Africa;[157] another volume, Hope and Suffering, appeared in 1984. Disliking the Act, Tutu and his wife left the teaching profession. South Africans, world leaders and people around the globe mourned the death of the man viewed as the . [149] He had a tendency to be highly trusting, something which some of those close to him sometimes believed was unwise in various situations. [374] In May 2014, Tutu visited Fort McMurray, in the heart of the Canada's oil sands, condemning the "negligence and greed" of oil extraction. [284] In 1995, Mandela sent Tutu to Nigeria to meet with military leader Sani Abacha to request the release of imprisoned politicians Moshood Abiola and Olusegun Obasanjo. [292] Tutu called for a Palestinian state,[293] and emphasised that his criticisms were of the Israeli government rather than of Jews. In his eulogy, President Cyril Ramaphosa described Tutu as "the spiritual. [280] Tutu attended Mandela's inauguration ceremony; he had planned its religious component, insisting that Christian, Muslim, Jewish, and Hindu leaders all take part. "[336], Tutu also spoke out on the need to combat the HIV/AIDS pandemic, in June 2003 stating that "Apartheid tried to destroy our people and apartheid failed. [404], According to Du Boulay, Tutu had "a deep need to be loved",[390] a facet that he recognised about himself and referred to as a "horrible weakness". Desmond Tutu has formulated his objective as "a democratic and just society without racial divisions", and has set forward the following points as minimum demands: 1. equal civil rights for all 2. the abolition of South Africa's passport laws 3. a common system of education [329] Ultimately, Tutu was pleased with the TRC's achievement, believing that it would aid long-term reconciliation, although he recognised its short-comings.[330]. [215] Tutu continued protesting; in April 1985, he led a small march of clergy through Johannesburg to protest the arrest of Geoff Moselane. [208] Tutu angered some black South Africans by speaking against the torture and killing of suspected collaborators. [258] In October, de Klerk met with Tutu, Boesak, and Frank Chikane; Tutu was impressed that "we were listened to". [333] Tutu's approach to Anglicanism has been characterised as having been Anglo-Catholic in nature. [285] In July 1995, he visited Rwanda a year after the genocide, preaching to 10,000 people in Kigali, calling for justice to be tempered with mercy towards the Hutus who had orchestrated the genocide. "The leadership role of emeritus Archbishop Desmond Tutu in the social development of the South African society. [411] He had a talent for mimicry , according to Du Boulay, "his humour has none of the cool acerbity that makes for real wit". [446] Later in life, he also spoke out against various African leaders, for instance describing Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe as the "caricature of an African dictator", who had "gone bonkers in a big way". After six wonderful years as Chair, I am sad to say that it was time for me to step down. Our children are dying. South Africa's government initially refused permission, regarding him with suspicion since the Fort Hare protests, but relented after Tutu argued that his taking the role would be good publicity for South Africa. He was Bishop of Johannesburg from 1985 to 1986 and then Archbishop of Cape Town from 1986 to 1996, in both cases being the first black African to hold the position. Tutu cancelled the trip in mid-December, saying that Israel had refused to grant him the necessary travel clearance after more than a week of discussions. [419] On Fridays, he fasted until supper. [385][386] President Cyril Ramaphosa gave a eulogy, and Michael Nuttall, the former bishop of Natal, delivered the sermon. Tutu was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984 for his nonviolent struggle against apartheid. Entering adulthood, he trained as a teacher and married Nomalizo Leah Tutu, with whom he had several children. ), Prize motivation: for his role as a unifying leader figure in the non-violent campaign to resolve the problem of apartheid in South Africa. [378] In December 2017, he was among those to condemn US President Donald Trump's decision to officially recognise Jerusalem as Israel's capital. [361] He also attended the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen,[362] and later publicly called for fossil fuel divestment, comparing it to disinvestment from apartheid-era South Africa. [232] He obtained money from the church to oversee renovations of the house,[233] and had a children's playground installed in its grounds, opening this and the Bishopscourt swimming pool to members of his diocese. [66] They duly did so in September 1962. [496], In 2015, Queen Elizabeth II approved Tutu for the honorary British award of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH). This autobiography/biography was written [34] He returned to school in 1949 and took his national exams in late 1950, gaining a second-class pass. To cite this section MLA style: Desmond Tutu - Acceptance Speech. [95] This was the first time that he had witnessed state power used to suppress dissent. [235] Such projects led to Tutu's ministry taking up an increasingly large portion of the Anglican church's budget, which Tutu sought to expand through requesting donations from overseas. At this August meeting the clerical leaders unsuccessfully urged the government to end apartheid. [305], Conscious that his presence in South Africa might overshadow Ndungane, Tutu agreed to a two-year visiting professorship at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. [442], During the apartheid period, he criticised the black leaders of the Bantustans, describing them as "largely corrupt men looking after their own interests, lining their pockets";[443] Buthelezi, the leader of the Zulu Bantustan, privately claimed that there was "something radically wrong" with Tutu's personality. [301] In June 2000, the Cape Town-based Desmond Tutu Peace Centre was launched, which in 2003 launched an Emerging Leadership Program. It is evil without question. [494][495] In 2008, Governor Rod Blagojevich of Illinois proclaimed 13 May 'Desmond Tutu Day'. 4 Mar 2023. [467] At the same time, he argued that those responsible had to display true repentance in the form of restitution. [462] Unlike other theologians, like John Mbiti, who saw the traditions as largely incompatible, Tutu emphasised the similarities between the two. [458] In 1986, Tutu had defined Ubuntu: "It refers to gentleness, to compassion, to hospitality, to openness to others, to vulnerability, to be available to others and to know that you are bound up with them in the bundle of life. [299] He visited Belfast in 1998 and again in 2001. [441] To end apartheid, he advocated foreign economic pressure be put on South Africa. Fought for Mandela On Tutu in the mid-1980s, by Steven D. Gish, 2004[210], Tutu also drew criticism from within the anti-apartheid movement and the black South African community. [352] In 2008, he called for a UN Peacekeeping force to be sent to Zimbabwe. [144] Leah gained employment as the assistant director of the Institute of Race Relations. [120], Tutu used his position to speak out on social issues,[121] publicly endorsing an international economic boycott of South Africa over apartheid. Desmond Tutu, who won a Nobel Peace Prize for his non-violent fight against apartheid in South Africa, died at the age of 90. Archbishop Desmond Tutu to lie in state in Cape Town for two days. The two did not get on well, and argued. Tutu also campaigned to fight AIDS, homophobia, poverty and racism. [71] The family moved into the curate's flat behind the Church of St Alban the Martyr in Golders Green, where Tutu assisted Sunday services, the first time that he had ministered to a white congregation. We face a catastrophe in this land and only the action of the international community by applying pressure can save us. For me, it is at the same level. He was 90. [172] On his return to South Africa, Botha again ordered Tutu's passport confiscated, preventing him from personally collecting several further honorary degrees. [249] Traffic police briefly imprisoned Leah when she was late to renew her motor vehicle license. [37] During one debating event he met the lawyerand future president of South AfricaNelson Mandela; they would not encounter each other again until 1990. Select from premium Desmond Tutu And Leah of the highest quality. The Federal Theological Seminary (Fedsem) had recently been established there as an amalgamation of training institutions from different Christian denominations. [300] A farewell ceremony was held at St George's Cathedral in June 1996, attended by senior politicians like Mandela and de Klerk. In 1966 he obtained an M.A. [74] He received his degree from Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother in a ceremony held at the Royal Albert Hall. Also in 1986, he became president of the All Africa Conference of Churches, resulting in further tours of the continent. [333] Tutu equated discrimination against homosexuals with discrimination against black people and women. In 2011, he called on the Anglican Church of Southern Africa to conduct same-sex marriages;[369] in 2015 he gave a blessing at his daughter Mpho's marriage to a woman in the Netherlands. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Desmond-Tutu, The Nobel Prize - Biography of Desmond Tutu, South African History Online - Biography of Mpilo Tutu, Academy of Achievement - Biography of Desmond Tutu, Desmond Tutu - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Desmond Tutu - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Truth and Reconciliation Commission, South Africa. [491], In 1985 the City of Reggio Emilia named Tutu an honorary citizen together with Albertina Sisulu. [424] Du Boulay referred to him as "a loving and concerned father",[425] while Allen described him as a "loving but strict father" to his children. [Tutu's] extrovert nature conceals a private, introvert side that needs space and regular periods of quiet; his jocularity runs alongside a deep seriousness; his occasional bursts of apparent arrogance mask a genuine humility before God and his fellow men. He noted that whereas the latter was a quicker and more efficient way of exterminating whole populations, the National Party's policy of forcibly relocating black South Africans to areas where they lacked access to food and sanitation had much the same result. [482] The African-American civil rights campaigner Bernice Powell, for instance, complained that he was "too nice to white people". In addition to his role as one of the driving forces behind his country's movement to end racial segregation and discrimination, he spent a lifetime inspiring many through his words. [478] Said whites often accused him of being a tool of the communists. "[458] Reflecting this view of ubuntu, Tutu was fond of the Xhosa saying that "a person is a person through other persons". [409] Gish noted that "Tutu's voice and manner could light up an audience; he never sounded puritanical or humourless". [230] [55] The college's principal, Godfrey Pawson, wrote that Tutu "has exceptional knowledge and intelligence and is very industrious. [2] His father, Zachariah Zelilo Tutu, was from the amaFengu branch of Xhosa and grew up in Gcuwa, Eastern Cape. Desmond Mpilo Tutu The Nobel Peace Prize 1984 Born: 7 October 1931, Klerksdorp, South Africa Died: 26 December 2021, Cape Town, South Africa Residence at the time of the award: South Africa Role: Bishop of Johannesburg, former Secretary General, South African Council of Churches (S.A.C.C.) [197] Black Anglicans celebrated, although many white Anglicans were angry;[198] some withdrew their diocesan quota in protest. The Peace Prize award made a big difference to Tutu's international standing, and was a helpful contribution to the struggle against apartheid. [203] He sought to reassure white South Africans that he was not the "horrid ogre" some feared; as bishop he spent much time wooing the support of white Anglicans in his diocese,[204] and resigned as patron of the UDF.[205]. [305] From January to May 2003 he taught at the University of North Carolina. [300] There, Mandela awarded Tutu the Order for Meritorious Service, South Africa's highest honour. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for opposing apartheid. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2023. The archbishop, a powerful force for nonviolence in South Africa's anti-apartheid movement, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984 . [294] It was there, in February, that he broke his normal rule on not joining protests outside South Africa by taking part in a New York City demonstration against plans for the United States to launch the Iraq War. Yet he would not blame Nelson Mandela and his supporters for having made a different choice. . It is a gut level theology, relating to the real concerns, the life and death issues of the black man. It is usually the most spiritual who can rejoice in all created things and Tutu has no problem in reconciling the sacred and the secular, but critics note a conflict between his socialist ideology and his desire to live comfortably, dress well and lead a life that, while unexceptional in Europe or America, is considered affluent, tainted with capitalism, in the eyes of the deprived black community of South Africa. [350] Like Mandela before him, Mbeki accused Tutu of being a populist, further claiming that the cleric had no understanding of the ANC's inner workings. Desmond Tutu is one of South Africa's most well-known human rights activists, winning the 1984 Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in resolving and ending apartheid. [234] He invited the English priest Francis Cull to set up the Institute of Christian Spirituality at Bishopscourt, with the latter moving into a building in the house's grounds. After John Rees stepped down as general secretary of the South African Council of Churches, Tutu was among the nominees for his successor. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [122] He met with Black Consciousness and Soweto leaders,[123] and shared a platform with anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela in opposing the government's Terrorism Act, 1967. [165] In 1980, the SACC committed itself to supporting civil disobedience against apartheid. He then attended St. Peters Theological College in Johannesburg and was ordained an Anglican priest in 1961. [291], Tutu also spoke out regarding the Troubles in Northern Ireland. Coverage of Tutu's hospitalization in August for inflammation noted that the retired South African Anglican Church leader received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984 for his part in the fight against apartheidthe white minority government's enforced separation and inequality for majority blacksin . "[426] Racial equality was a core principle,[427] and his opposition to apartheid was unequivocal. Tutu, a Nobel Peace Prize winner who helped end the . Archbishop Desmond Tutu An Anglican cleric, theologian, and social justice hero. Desmond Tutus many awards and honours include the Nobel Prize for Peace (1984), the U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom (2009), an award from the Mo Ibrahim Foundation that recognized his lifelong commitment to speaking truth to power (2012), and the Templeton Prize (2013). Church leaders organised a protest march, and after that too was banned they established the Committee for the Defense of Democracy. [410] Quick witted, he used humour to try and win over audiences. [24] Aged 12, he underwent confirmation at St Mary's Church, Roodepoort. Although warning the National Party government that anger at apartheid would lead to racial violence, as an activist he stressed non-violent protest and foreign economic pressure to bring about universal suffrage. In July 2007, Tutu was declared Chair of The Elders, a group of world leaders put together to contribute their wisdom, kindness, leadership, and integrity to tackle some of the world's toughest problems. "[106] In Nigeria, he expressed concern at Igbo resentment following the crushing of their Republic of Biafra. [466] He believed that there were many comparisons to be made between contemporary African understandings of God and those featured in the Old Testament. [116] Moving to the city, Tutu lived not in the official dean's residence in the white suburb of Houghton but rather in a house on a middle-class street in the Orlando West township of Soweto, a largely impoverished black area. [1] His mother, Allen Dorothea Mavoertsek Mathlare, was born to a Motswana family in Boksburg. [15] Tutu had a close relationship with his father, although was angered at the latter's heavy drinking and violence toward his wife. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Dec 26, 20211:09 PM. [293], In October 1994, Tutu announced his intention of retiring as archbishop in 1996. [473] For many black South Africans, he was a respected religious leader and a symbol of black achievement. Tutu was born of mixed Xhosa and Motswana heritage to a poor family in Klerksdorp, South Africa. [351] In 2007, he again criticised South Africa's policy of "quiet diplomacy" toward Mugabe's government, calling for the Southern Africa Development Community to chair talks between Mugabe's ZANU-PF and the opposition Movement for Democratic Change, to set firm deadlines for action, with consequences if they were not met. Tutu, a Nobel Peace Prize winner who helped end the racist regime in South Africa, died last Sunday aged 90. Cohen". [103], Tutu's job entailed assessing grants to theological training institutions and students. [366] After Mandela's death in December, Tutu initially stated that he had not been invited to the funeral; after the government denied this, Tutu announced his attendance. Desmond Tutu is the key architect of reconciliation between black and white South Africans. [115] Tutu was officially installed as dean in August 1975. [10] He was his parents' second son; their firstborn boy, Sipho, had died in infancy. [449] He tried to avoid alignment with any particular political party; in the 1980s, for instance, he signed a plea urging anti-apartheid activists in the United States to support both the ANC and the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). The broad media coverage made him a living symbol in the struggle for liberation, someone who articulated the suffering and expectations of South Africa's oppressed masses. [444] In the 1980s, Tutu also condemned Western political leaders, namely Ronald Reagan, Margaret Thatcher, and West Germany's Helmut Kohl, for retaining links with the South African government, stipulating that "support of this racist policy is racist". [79] Tutu's time in London helped him to jettison any bitterness to whites and feelings of racial inferiority; he overcame his habit of automatically deferring to whites. When Desmond Tutu stood up for the rights of Palestinians, he could not be ignored. 4 Mar 2023. Recurrent illness focused news media attention on Archbishop Desmond Tutu again this summer. [271] Unlike some ANC figures, Tutu never accused de Klerk of personal complicity in this. [347] [38] At the college, Tutu attained his Transvaal Bantu Teachers Diploma, having gained advice about taking exams from the activist Robert Sobukwe. 09:30 PM (GMT) The death of South Africa's Archbishop Desmond Tutu, a veteran of the struggle against apartheid and Nobel Peace Prize winner, has seen condolences pour in from leaders around the . [421] Prayer was a big part of his life; he often spent an hour in prayer at the start of each day, and would ensure that every meeting or interview that he was part of was preceded by a short prayer. [315] Nuttall suggested that Tutu become one of the TRC's seventeen commissioners, while in September a synod of bishops formally nominated him. Hover to zoom. Click to enlarge. [182] He received hate mail and death threats from white far-right groups like the Wit Wolwe. [94] In September, Fort Hare students held a sit-in protest over the university administration's policies; after they were surrounded by police with dogs, Tutu waded into the crowd to pray with the protesters. After the ceremony, Tutu held an open-air Eucharist for 10,000 people at the Cape Showgrounds in Goodwood, where he invited Albertina Sisulu and Allan Boesak to give political speeches. The Nobel Peace Prize 1984, Born: 7 October 1931, Klerksdorp, South Africa, Died: 26 December 2021, Cape Town, South Africa, Residence at the time of the award: [411] In 1988, Du Boulay described him as "a spokesman for his people, a voice for the voiceless". Archbishop Desmond Tutu, a Nobel Peace Prize laureate who helped end apartheid in South Africa, has died aged 90. NobelPrize.org. [108], During the early 1970s, Tutu's theology changed due to his experiences in Africa and his discovery of liberation theology. The Boer churches have disassociated themselves from the organization as a result of the unambiguous stand it has made against apartheid. In 2009, Tutu assisted in the establishing of the Solomon Islands' Truth and Reconciliation Commission, modelled after the South African body of the same name. [140] His decision angered many Anglicans in Lesotho, who felt that Tutu was abandoning them. Tutu celebrates his 90th birthday in Cape Town on 7 October 2021. After the end of apartheid, Tutu became "perhaps the world's most prominent religious leader advocating gay and lesbian rights", according to Allen. Key points: [250] Although the security police organised assassination attempts on various anti-apartheid Christian leaders, they later claimed to have never done so for Tutu, deeming him too high-profile. [320] As head of the commission, Tutu had to deal with its various inter-personal problems, with much suspicion between those on its board who had been anti-apartheid activists and those who had supported the apartheid system. This role was internationally recognised by the awarding of the 1984 Nobel Peace Prize. [179] Tutu angered much of South Africa's press and white minority,[180] especially apartheid supporters. [309] He had first used the metaphor in 1989 when he described a multi-racial protest crowd as the "rainbow people of God". Tutu expressed the view that Western theology sought answers to questions that Africans were not asking. [175] Tutu gained a popular following in the US, where he was often compared to civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr., although white conservatives like Pat Buchanan and Jerry Falwell lambasted him as an alleged communist sympathiser.[176]. [186] In the city, he was invited to address the United Nations Security Council,[187] later meeting the Congressional Black Caucus and the subcommittees on Africa in the House of Representatives and the Senate. [62] In 1962, Tutu was transferred to St Philip's Church in Thokoza, where he was placed in charge of the congregation and developed a passion for pastoral ministry. [239] He appointed gay priests to senior positions and privatelyalthough not at the time publiclycriticised the church's insistence that gay priests remain celibate. [349] He questioned the government's spending on armaments, its policy regarding Robert Mugabe's government in Zimbabwe, and the manner in which Nguni-speakers dominated senior positions, stating that this latter issue would stoke ethnic tensions. Kokobili, Alexander. "[328] Tutu presented the five-volume TRC report to Mandela in a public ceremony in Pretoria in October 1998. Tasked with a mission to manage Alfred Nobel's fortune and hasultimate responsibility for fulfilling the intentions of Nobel's will. [445] Regarding Reagan, he stated that although he once thought him a "crypto-racist" for his soft stance on the National Party administration, he would "say now that he is a racist pure and simple". It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. Attention was once again directed at the nonviolent path to liberation. 28 Dec 2021. [340] Israeli officials expressed concern that the report would be biased against Israel. [265], In March, violence broke out between supporters of the ANC and of Inkatha in kwaZulu; Tutu joined the SACC delegation in talks with Mandela, de Klerk, and Inkatha leader Mangosuthu Buthelezi in Ulundi. [150] He was determined that the SACC become one of South Africa's most visible human rights advocacy organisations. To cite this section [357] He has also travelled with Elders delegations to Ivory Coast, Cyprus, Ethiopia, India, South Sudan, and the Middle East. When the group's rally was banned, Tutu, Boesak, and Naidoo organised a service at St George's Cathedral to replace it.[242]. [7], The Tutus were poor;[8] describing his family, Tutu later related that "although we weren't affluent, we were not destitute either". Tutu was born of Xhosa and Tswana parents and was educated in South African mission schools at which his father taught. [313], A key question facing the post-apartheid government was how they would respond to the various human rights abuses that had been committed over the previous decades by both the state and by anti-apartheid activists. [145], Allen stated that the theme running through Tutu's campaigning was that of "democracy, human rights and tolerance, to be achieved by dialogue and accommodation between enemies. [286] Tutu also travelled to other parts of world, for instance spending March 1989 in Panama and Nicaragua. To cite this section He was appointed dean of St. Marys Cathedral in Johannesburg in 1975, the first Black South African to hold that position. Black theology is. [29] He then returned to Johannesburg, moving into an Anglican hostel near the Church of Christ the King in Sophiatown. As Tutu rose to prominence in the 1970s, different socio-economic groups and political classes held a wide range of views about him, from critical to admiring.

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